最新刊期
      卷 44 ， 期 11 ， 2021

        INVITED REVIEW

      • “飞秒脉冲激光双光子吸收研究取得新进展，为航天装备抗辐射性能评估提供新思路。”
        AN Heng,LI Detian,YANG Shengsheng,WANG Yi,CAO Zhou,WEN Xuan,WANG Jun,ZHANG Chenguang,YIN Hong
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110001(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110001
        摘要：The current status and technical development trend of single event effect (SEE) induced by two-photon absorption (TPA) of femtosecond pulsed laser at home and abroad are reviewed. Effect of nonlinear optical phenomena, such as TPA, free carrier absorption and refraction, on carrier density distributions induced by TPA are analyzed. Based on the carrier density distribution model, the method of determining the sensitive depth of device based on Z scan is discussed. The application requirements and prospects of femtosecond pulsed laser in the in-depth study of SEE mechanism, screening of space mission devices and radiation hardness evaluation of electronic equipment, etc., are summarized, providing suggestions and opinions for further expanding the application of femtosecond pulsed laser single-particle effect test technology in radiation resistance evaluation of space equipment and satellite electronic equipment.  
        关键词：Femtosecond pulse laser;Two-photon absorption;Nonlinear optical phenomena;Single event effects;Radiation assessment   
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        发布时间：2024-10-25

        SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

      • “在同步辐射SAXS实验领域，研发了可变温自动换样器，可远程控制样品切换和温度，满足多样品变温测试需求。”
        LI Haiyang,HU Haitao,DUAN Yufeng,BAI Bo,YUAN Bao,SUN Yuan,HUANG Zhiqiang,LIN Quan,CHENG He,WANG Jing,ZHANG Shaoying,TONG Xin
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110101(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110101
        摘要：BackgroundVariable temperature condition is the most extensive requirement in many scattering experiments. Automatic sample shifting technology based on the variable temperature condition can significantly improve the detection efficiency of samples.PurposeThis study aims to develop a varied temperature automatic sample shifting device for synchrotron radiation small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiment.MethodsThe device was designed to accommodate up to 100 samples, covering a wide temperature range of 25~280 °C with temperature control accuracy of ±1 °C. Two-dimensional mobile platform was used to control sample switching, and the temperature controller and heating element were used to control the sample temperature of experiment. In addition, the temperature-stroke coupling control software suitable for this device was implemented to realize the remote control of sample switching and temperature changing. The structure and the temperature distribution of the sample rack were analyzed by numerical simulation and compared with that of experiment to finalize the appropriate structure for this device.Results & ConclusionsThe maximum error between the simulated temperature and the measured temperature is less than 2% and the structure design is reasonable, satisfying multi-sample variable temperature test requirements for SAXS experiment.  
        关键词：Small-angle X-ray scattering;Automatic sample shifting;Temperature control;Emulation;Design   
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        发布时间：2024-10-25

        ACCELERATOR, RAY TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

      • “在低能电子入射厚Ni靶实验中，靶表面粗糙度会影响特征X射线产额。实验结果与DWBA理论计算值吻合良好，为电子致厚靶原子内壳层电离截面研究提供重要参考。”
        TIAN Lixia,YIN Yi,DAI Chaocheng
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110201(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110201
        摘要：BackgroundAccurate measurements of characteristic X-ray yields of Ni by electron impact play an important role in electron probe and auger electron spectroscopy analysises of Ni materials. However, the surface roughness of thick Ni targets may adversely affect the accuracy of these measurements.PurposeThis study aims to investigate surface roughness effects in the measurements of characteristic X-ray yields of thick Ni targets by low-energy electron impact.MethodsThe surface roughness effects were simulated by using the Monte Carlo (MC) code PENELOPE-2008. A KYKY-2800B scanning electron microscopy was used for measurements of K-shell X-ray yields of a mirror polished Ni target by impact of 9~29 keV electrons.ResultsThe MC simulation results indicate that the characteristic X-ray yield decreases with the increase of surface roughness. Comparisons between experimental data and the predictions of distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) theory show that the Kα X-ray yields are in good agreement with the predictions, while for the Kβ line, the X-ray yields are about 10% higher than the corresponding predictions.ConclusionsIt is necessary to do mirror polishing on the target surface in order to reduce the influence of surface roughness on measurements of inner-shell ionization cross sections of thick target by electron impact.  
        关键词：Surface roughness;MC;Characteristic X-ray yields   
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        发布时间：2024-10-25
      • “在放射治疗领域，高能医用直线加速器的辐射源项及屏蔽防护研究取得新进展。专家利用MCNP软件模拟Clinac 23EX型加速器产生的15 MV X射线束，建立了精细模型，计算了不同照射野下的百分深度剂量和剖面相对剂量曲线。模拟结果与实测数据基本吻合，为后续研究和优化屏蔽设计提供参考。”
        DENG Lei,ZHOU Ning,QU Shugen,WANG Zhe,WANG Jian,CHEN Yishui,TU Yu,LIU Yongquan
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110202(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110202
        摘要：BackgroundThe application of high-energy medical electron accelerators in the radiotherapy becomes more and more widespread. Study of the radiation source and shielding of high-energy medical electron accelerators has been the focus of attention.PurposeThis study aims to simulate 15 MV X-ray beam of Clinac 23EX medical linear accelerator by using Monte Carlo method.MethodsFirst of all, a fine geometric model of the accelerator head in X-ray mode was constructed according to the material composition and geometric dimensions of the internal parts of the head provided by the manufacturer. Then the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) software was applied to the calculation of the percentage depth dose (PDD) curves and profile curves of the X-ray beam under different irradiation fields. Comparisons of those results with that of measured results at the same conditions in the three-dimensional (3D) water model were performed. In addition, the effects of different components on the X-ray energy spectrum and penetration ability were analyzed.ResultsThe simulation results of the PDD curves and profile curves are in good agreement with the measured results of 3D water tank. The relative deviation of PDD curves is in the range of 0.62% to 1.34%, and the relative deviations of profile curves are between 0.35% and 2.76% in high dose area and 0.48% to 5.86% in low dose area, respectively.ConclusionsIt is confirmed that the detailed model of the accelerator head established in this study is accurate and reliable, hence appliable to the subsequent analysis of various source items. The effects of different components of accelerator on the X-ray energy spectrum and penetration ability provide references for optimizing shielding design and radiotherapy plan.  
        关键词：Medical electron accelerator;X-ray beam;Percent depth dose;Monte Carlo   
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        发布时间：2024-10-25
      • “在水体放射性监测领域，专家优化了探测装置设计，有效降低了探测下限，为提高监测效率提供新方案。”
        GUO Shengliang,XIONG Maolin,GE Liangquan,DENG Xiaoqin,ZHONG Jinghua,XU Bin,LUO Mingtao,YU Peng,DENG Zhipeng
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110203(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110203
        摘要：BackgroundWith the vigorous development of the nuclear industry and the widespread application of nuclear technology, the radioactivity of inland water has become one of the key objects of radiation environmental monitoring. CeBr3 scintillation detector is one of candidates for water on-line radioactivity measurement system, but its detection efficiency is not high enough.PurposeThis study aims to improve the detection efficiency of the water on-line radioactivity measurement system by optimization of array CeBr3 detector layout, and reduce the detection limit.MethodsFirstly, calculate the optimal number of detectors in the system according to the minimum detectable activity concentration formula was calculated. Then, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the number and arrangement of ⌀45 mm×50 mm CeBr3 array detectors to obtain optimized arrangement of detectors. Finally, the water on-line radioactivity measurement system with optimized layout of array CeBr3 detectors was applied to continuous monitoring of the water bodIES of a river basin in Sichuan province.ResultsThe simulation results show that the three CeBr3 detectors placed in triangular arrangement and close to each other achieve a minimum detectable activity concentration of 0.1 Bq·L-1 for 137Cs radioactive source, meeting the design standard of system detection limit.ConclusionsThe monitoring results show that the system can effectively monitor the variations of radioactivity concentration of total α/β and 238U, 232Th and 40K in the water.  
        关键词：Water radioactivity;Array CeBr3 detectors;Detection efficiency;Monte Carlo simulation   
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        发布时间：2024-10-25

        NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE

      • “南方某在建岩洞型低中放废物处置库研究了M15水泥砂浆的设计、制备及其对Co2+的吸附性能与机理。实验表明，M15水泥砂浆对Co2+的吸附效果良好，吸附率可达74.14%。”
        YANG Gang,PAN Yuelong,LIU Yu,LENG Yangchun,CHENG Jianfeng,TUO Xianguo
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110301(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110301
        摘要：BackgroundCement mortar is an essential building and barrier material for geological disposal repositories of radioactive waste. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the preparation of the cement mortar and its adsorption property and mechanism for radionuclides.PurposeThis study aims to study the preparation of M15 cement mortar and its adsorption property as well as mechanism for Co2+.MethodsA cavern-type low and/or intermediate-level radioactive waste repository under construction in the South China was selected as a real reference for the design and manufacture of M15 cement mortar. Adsorption properties of the M15 cement mortar for Co2+ were determined through the static batch test method combined with the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry analysis. Characterization analyses of the M15 cement mortar were performed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscope.ResultsCompressive strength tests show that the M15 cement mortar with cement:sand:water mass ratio of 1.0∶4.84∶0.84 meets compressive requirements. The characterization analyses reveal that the M15 cement mortar had good crystal structure, large specific surface area, amorphous distribution of particles and surface distributed with a large number of groups, such as OH-, HCO3-, CO32-, SiO42-. Adsorption results from the static batch test show that: (1) the adsorption equilibrium time, adsorption distribution coefficient (Kd) value, adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of the M15 cement mortar are 6 h, 1 453.93 mL∙g-1, 74.14% and 73.37 mg∙g-1, respectively, (2) the Kd value, adsorption rate and adsorption capacity increase with the decrease of particle size, (3) the Kd value is 1 626.02 mL∙g-1 when the solid-liquid ratio is 2 g∙L-1, indicating that the M15 cement mortar has good absorption capability for Co2+, (4) the Kd values rise with the increase of pH values of water phase, and (5) the order of inhibition effects of ions on the Co2+ adsorption is Mg2+>Ca2+>SO42->NO3->Cl->K+. Adsorption mechanism of the M15 cement mortar for Co2+ can be described with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model.ConclusionsThis study provides a useful reference for the preparation of superior performance cement mortar to build disposal repositories of radioactive waste.  
        关键词：M15 cement mortar;Co2+;Adsorption   
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        发布时间：2024-10-25

        NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

      • “在密度测井领域，X射线源替代传统137Cs源成为新趋势。研究显示，X射线管高压越大，密度测量精度越高，当高压为340 kV时，精度可达0.01 g·cm-3。”
        YU Huawei,YANG Zhengchun,LIU Chaozhuo,ZHANG Yuxin,ZHU Qian,LIU Rui
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110401(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110401
        摘要：BackgroundIt is a new trend to use X-ray sources instead of 137Cs γ-ray source in density logging.PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effect of X-ray tube high-voltage on the density measurement accuracy in the well logging.MethodsFirstly, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was used to study the X-ray tube high-voltage dependence of the energy and intensity of X-rays. Then, the relationship between the high-voltage and the count rate of X-rays as well as its statistical error was analyzed. Thereafter, the density logging response of formations with various densities was simulated by MC, and effects of the high-voltages on the accuracy of density measurements were calculated. Finally, the high-voltage range suitable for the X-ray density logging was obtained.ResultsResults from MC show that the relative standard deviation of the count rates decreases with the increase of X-ray tube high-voltages. The accuracy of the density measurements reach 0.01 g·cm-3 when the high-voltage is 340 kV.ConclusionThis study provides a theoretical basis for the selection of X-ray tube high-voltages in the X-ray density logging and the design of well-logging schemes.  
        关键词：X-ray source;Density logging;Monte Carlo method;X-ray tube high voltage;Uncertainty analysis   
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      • “在核脉冲信号处理领域，专家推导了尖顶成形数字递推式，设计了堆积识别算法，优化了衰减系数和成形宽度，为信号处理提供新方案。”
        QIAN Yunchen,ZHANG Huaiqiang,LU Fenhua,CHEN He
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110402(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110402
        摘要：BackgroundCusp shaping of nuclear pulse signal is widely used in shaping and amplitude extraction of nuclear pulse signal (NPS) because of its optimal signal-to-noise ratio, high counting rate and strong compatibility.PurposeThis study aims to achieve the parameter optimization and pile-up identification of cusp shaping for NPS.MethodsFirst of all, based on the finite width cusp shaping algorithm, the shaping process was deduced for the cusp shaping of the simulated nuclear signal and the actual nuclear signal respectively. The optimal selection of attenuation coefficient and shaping width was investigated by least square fitting. According to the characteristics of cusp shaping, a stack recognition algorithm was designed to achieve cusp shaping, pile-up identification and separation, amplitude extraction of nuclear pulse signal. Then, the output signal of NaI detector was taken for performance comparison of three processing methods of pulse signal direct shaping, pile-up rejection, pile-up identification and separation of pile-up nuclear signal, hence the optimized parameters were obtained. Finally, the characteristic X-ray energy spectrum of Fe (Si PIN detector) was experimentally tested by cusp shaping with optimized parameters.ResultsThe results show that the cusp shaping output pulse amplitude has an exponential relationship with the shaping width, and the peak position of the nuclear pulse signal is in linear relationship with the peak position of the cusp shaping output pulse. Experimental test results show the cusp shaping has better counting rate and good application prospect under the condition of equal energy resolution.ConclusionThe pile-up identification algorithm can effectively realize the cusp shaping, pile-up identification and separation, as well as the amplitude extraction of the nuclear pulse signal.  
        关键词：Digital nuclear pulse signal;Cusp shaping;Pile-up identification;Energy resolution   
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        发布时间：2024-10-25

        NUCLEAR PHYSICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

      • “中国计量科学研究院新建热中子参考辐射装置，为热中子探测器研究提供实验平台。关键参数指标可满足不同体积和热中子响应探测器的检定和研究工作。”
        YANG Junkai,WANG Pingquan,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Jian
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110501(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110501
        摘要：BackgroundTwelve 241Am-Be neutron sources are used in thermal neutron reference field rebuilt by National Institute of Metrology, China. The inner and outer radiation fields are formed by high-purity graphite and heavy water moderated the neutron emitted by neutron sources, respectively.PurposeThis study aims to measure parameters of this thermal neutron reference field to guarantee the accuracy of numerical transmission and provide a platform for the research of thermal neutron detectors, thermal neutron imaging, etc.MethodsFirstly, the average neutron capture profiles of 197Au were calculated by using different neutron spectra. Gold foil with and without cadmium activation method were used to obtain the precise neutron fluence rate and cadmium ratio. Then, the ratio of front and rear neutron fluence rates of reference point was determined by one side of gold foil with cadmium. Finally, the uniformity of the two fields was obtained by scanning with SP9 3He detector.ResultsMeasurement results show that the neutron fluence rate of the outer field is (1 999.4±48.0) cm-2·s-1 at the reference point, the ratio of the front and rear neutron fluence rates to cadmium are 1.54:1 and 1 433:1, respectively. Uniformities in 70 cm×70 cm vertical plane and in 70 cm×35 cm horizontal plane are 1% and 5.2%, respectively. For the inner field, the neutron fluence rate at the reference point is (21 288.3±404.4) cm-2·s-1, the ratio of the front and rear neutron fluence rates to cadmium are 1.05:1 and 15.4:1, respectively. Uniformity of the straight line at the reference point is 0.4%.ConclusionsThe key parameters of thermal neutron reference field meet the requirements of verification and research work of detectors with different volume and thermal neutron response.  
        关键词：Thermal neutron reference field;Fluence rate;Cadmium ratio;Uniformity   
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      • “在硅单晶中子嬗变掺杂辐照热中子注量测量领域，专家基于Stoughton-Halperin约定关系，确立了二元一次方程组求解法和线性最小二乘拟合法，有效抑制了截面差异引入的测量影响。”
        WANG Yunbo,CAO Jiebao,WU Qingli,CHEN Hao,LI Yanpeng,ZOU Peng,LIU Rong,TANG Xiding,DENG Caiyu,WANG Wanjin
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110502(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110502
        摘要：BackgroundWhen the activation method is used to measure the irradiated thermal neutron fluence of single-crystal silicon neutron transmutation doping, the measured value may have a certain deviation due to the difference in the curve shapes of the target reaction cross-section as a function of neutron energy between activated detector and silicon.PurposeThis study aims to suppress the measurement influence caused by reaction cross-section difference between activation detector and silicon, and to reduce the measurement deviation.MethodsBased on the Stoughton-Halperin convention relation, the binary first-order equations solution method and a linear least-squares fitting method were established. A variety of activation detectors and their combinations were applied to experimental measurement to verify their feasibility. These activation detectors were placed in the irradiation facility and irradiated in the Minjiang test reactor at Sichuan province. Finally, all of detectors were taken out from the reactor, and the radioactive activity was measured by high purity germanium γ spectrometer.ResultsThe results show that obvious differences exist in the measurement values of different activated detectors at the same position, and the measurement deviation based on suitable detector combination is greatly reduced to be less than 3% by using above two methods.ConclusionsThe two methods proposed in this study can effectively suppress the influence of the reaction cross-section difference on measurement. The equation method has certain advantages over the least-square method with only two kinds of compulsory detectors, it can also be applied to other thermal neutron irradiation samples.  
        关键词：Single-crystal silicon;Neutron transmutation doping;Thermal neutron fluence;Activation method;Reaction cross-section   
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        发布时间：2024-10-25

        NUCLEAR ENERGY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

      • “在工程领域，铅铋流体作用下螺旋管束流致振动研究取得新进展，揭示了不同来流速度下管束振动机理，为解决流弹失稳问题提供新思路。”
        WANG Zhengyang,QU Yegao,YU Xiaofei,CHEN Guo,HUANG Xuan,PENG Zhike
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110601(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110601
        摘要：BackgroundThe flow induced vibration of spiral tube bundle widely exists engineering practice. The traditional fluid medium is water and air, whilst lead bismuth fluid has gradually become a new heat exchange medium in recent years.PurposeThis study aims to analyze the flow induced vibration of single row tube bundle in cross lead bismuth flow.MethodsThe computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis code FLUENT and the finite element analysis code ANSYS were used to simulate the flow induced vibration of a single row spiral tube bundle. The flow field profile and structural response at different times were analyzed respectively, and the corresponding relationship between the flow field change and structural vibration was explored. The physical insight into the flow induced vibration of the tube bundle was provided.Results & ConclusionsSimulation results show that the vortex shedding occurs in the single row tube bundle in the cross lead bismuth, and the frequency of vortex shedding increases with the increase of the flow velocity. Due to the interference of vortex shedding between the pipes, the vibration frequency of the middle pipe is mainly two times of vortex shedding frequency, while the vibration response of the pipes on both sides is dominated by the vortex shedding frequency, accompanied by a small frequency doubling. With the increase of the flow velocity, the influence of the interference between pipelines on the frequency doubling vibration response of pipeline vibration is gradually weakened. When the inlet velocity exceeds a certain value, the amplitude of the pipe increases suddenly, causing fluid-elastic instability of the pipelines.  
        关键词：Spiral tube bundle;Flow-induced vibration;Lead bismuth fluid;Vortex shedding;Fluid-elastic instability   
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      • “在清洁能源领域，翼形翅片印刷电路板式换热器的高效紧凑设计受到关注。专家利用数值模拟和正交实验设计方法，研究了不同翼形翅片排布方式的能量利用效率，并进行了参数优化。”
        LIU Chen,LI Qiming,ZOU Yang,XU Hongjie
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110602(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110602
        摘要：BackgroundPrinted circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) with airfoil fins is a new type of microchannel heat exchanger with high efficiency and compactness, which has the advantages of high-temperature and high-pressure resistance. In the field of clean energy such as solar, liquefied natural gas and nuclear energy, PCHE with airfoil fins has received widespread attention.PurposeThis study aims to optimize the structural parameters of PCHE with airfoil fins through numerical simulation, and summarize the heat transfer characteristics.MethodsThe computational fluid dynamics program Fluent was employed to design and optimize the structure of PCHE in high temperature molten salt heat exchanger with FNaBe as working fluid. The thermal-hydraulic characteristics such as pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficient of different airfoil fins arrangements were simulated and compared. Thereafter, orthogonal experimental design was used to find out the arrangement of airfoil fins with the highest energy efficiency. A series of operating conditions were simulated to study the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the best arrangement.ResultsThe arrangement of airfoil fins has the highest energy efficiency when the horizontal distance is 4 mm, vertical distance is 9 mm, and staggered distance is 4 mm. Two correlations were developed to predict heat transfer and pressure drop performance.ConclusionsThis study provides a useful reference for the design of PCHE with airfoil fins in molten salt reactor.  
        关键词：Printed circuit heat exchanger;Airfoil fins;Numerical simulation;Orthogonal experimental design;Liquid salt;Thermal-hydraulic characteristics   
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      • “在耐事故燃料领域，大晶粒UO2芯块和锆合金包壳涂层材料方案有望实现商用，为燃料棒设计准则提供新思路。”
        YOU Yan,GONG Xin,LI Cong
        Vol. 44, Issue 11, Article number: 110603(2021) DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2021.hjs.44.110603
        摘要：BackgroundLarge-grained UO2 pellet and coated zirconium cladding are the most practical fuel pellet and cladding material scheme for accident tolerant fuel (ATF) solutions, which are expected to be commercially available in the next few years. However, the existing fuel rod design criteria for commercial pressurized water reactor (PWRs) are based on the material characteristics and application experience of traditional UO2 pellets and zirconium alloy cladding. If the properties of the constituent material of fuel rod change, it is necessary to re-examine the usability of the design criteria based on the corresponding research results.PurposeThe study aims to clarify the potential problems of large-grained UO2 pellet and coated zirconium cladding through the fuel rod design standards, and to provide a reference for the follow-up materials testing.MethodsBased on these two material schemes for ATF on the design criteria, latest research on the material properties of large-grained UO2 pellet and coated zirconium cladding were investigated, and the influence of new ATF fuel rod based on these two schemes on fuel rod design criteria was analyzed.ResultsThe results show that most of the design standards can still be used, and the new ATF fuel rods have certain performance improvements in oxidation and hydrogenation, hence the corresponding design margin is increased. However, the newly added cladding coating may introduce new fuel rod failure mechanisms, including cold spraying and some other coating processes that may damage the zirconium substrate and cause a significant decrease in the fatigue performance, local oxidation after coating damage, etc. Due to the influence of the cladding coating, the equivalent cladding reacted coefficient (ECR) originally used to evaluate the embrittlement level of zirconium alloy cladding is no longer applicable.ConclusionTherefore, in view of these new phenomena, it is necessary to carry out further research work and improve the corresponding design criteria accordingly.  
        关键词：ATF;Design criteria;Fuel rod;Coated zirconium cladding   
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