Water chemistry control strategy of ammonia-containing coolant in the primary circuit

LUO Tianjun; YUAN Yukun; ZHOU Xiaoyuan; GUO Zifang; DU Yingzhe; LIN Peng; HU Guojun

doi:10.3724/j.0253-3219.2026.hjs.49.250199

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Water chemistry control strategy of ammonia-containing coolant in the primary circuit

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE | 更新时间：2026-01-19

- Water chemistry control strategy of ammonia-containing coolant in the primary circuit
- NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES Vol. 49, Issue 1, Article number: 010301(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中广核研究院有限公司深圳 518028
  2.中国科学技术大学核科学技术学院合肥 230026
- 作者简介：
  
  LUO Tianjun, male, born in 1997, graduated from Harbin Engineering University with a master's degree in 2022, focusing on radiochemistry and reactor water chemistry
  GUO Zifang, E-mail: gzf1212@mail.ustc.edu.cn
  LIN Peng, E-mail: lin_peng@cgnpc.com.cn
- 基金信息：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24B20194)
- DOI：10.3724/j.0253-3219.2026.hjs.49.250199
  CLC： TL13
- Received：08 May 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-06-20，
  
  Published：15 January 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
罗天骏,袁誉坤,周肖元等.一回路含氨冷却剂水化学控制策略研究[J].核技术,2026,49(01):010301.

LUO Tianjun,YUAN Yukun,ZHOU Xiaoyuan,et al.Water chemistry control strategy of ammonia-containing coolant in the primary circuit[J].NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES,2026,49(01):010301.
罗天骏,袁誉坤,周肖元等.一回路含氨冷却剂水化学控制策略研究[J].核技术,2026,49(01):010301. DOI： 10.3724/j.0253-3219.2026.hjs.49.250199. CSTR： 32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2026.49.250199.

LUO Tianjun,YUAN Yukun,ZHOU Xiaoyuan,et al.Water chemistry control strategy of ammonia-containing coolant in the primary circuit[J].NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES,2026,49(01):010301. DOI： 10.3724/j.0253-3219.2026.hjs.49.250199. CSTR： 32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2026.49.250199.

摘要

特定堆型的一回路冷却剂中通过加入氨调控pH，并利用其辐解产物抑制氧化性物质的浓度，从而维持冷却剂的还原性状态。在此过程中，氨浓度与pH调控产生显著的联动影响，需要建立可模拟不同控制策略下水化学行为的模型，实现pH和溶解氢浓度控制。本工作基于RETA反应堆系统分析程序，开发了一个适用于压水堆型冷却剂辐解产物输运的模型，模型预测NH

和H

浓度与实验结果的均方误差分别为1.79×10

-8

和5.69×10

-8

。以KLT-40S堆型为对象，构建并对比分析了三种加氨调控策略：初始弥散加氨、源恒速加氨及基于除氢优化的源恒速加氨。在模拟过程中，设置了冷却剂初始参数与辐射场条件，逐步调整加氨速率与除氢时机。每种策略均模拟至系统达到准稳态（1.6×10

s），以评估其对pH和溶解氢浓度的调控效果。结果显示，初始氨弥散策略简单直接，可维持体系的还原性但对冷却剂pH调控的时间小于5 h；源恒速加氨可长时间有效调节冷却剂pH，但会带来溶解氢浓度过高的问题，需匹配相应的除氢方案。采用基于除氢优化的源恒速加氨策略，能够同时满足稳定控制pH和溶解氢浓度的要求，加氨速率为1.64 g·s

-1

，加氨开始1 200 s后开启除氢装置，除氢速率0.014 g·s

-1

，化学状态稳定后冷却剂的pH为6.9，溶解氢浓度为30~35 mL·kg

-1

（Standard Temperature and Pressure，STP）。本工作有望为新堆型研发和水化学控制策略的优化提供参考。

Abstract

Background

In some specific reactors

ammonia is added to regulate the pH of the primary coolant. The oxidizing species is effectively suppressed by radiolytic products of ammonia

thereby the coolant is maintained in a reductive chemical environment.

Purpose

This study aims to develop a predictive model capable of simulating water chemistry behavior under various control strategies to achieve coordinated regulation of both pH and dissolved hydrogen concentrations.

Methods

Firstly

a transport model for radiolytic species in reactor coolant was developed on the basis of the RETA reactor system analysis code

with applicability to a wide range of reactor types. The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy

with root-mean-square (RMS) errors of only 1.79×10

-8

for NH₃ and 5.69×10

-8

for H

concentrations compared with experimental data. Then

the KLT-40S reactor was taken as a research object

three ammonia injection strategies were established and comparatively evaluated: initial dispersion

constant-rate injection

and constant-rate injection optimized with hydrogen removal. The simulations were conducted by defining initial coolant parameters and radiation field conditions

followed by stepwise adjustment of ammonia injection rates and the timing of hydrogen removal. Each strategy was simulated until the system reached a quasi-steady state (1.6×10

allowing assessment of its effectiveness in controlling pH and dissolved hydrogen levels.

Results

The results indicate that the initial dispersed injection strategy

while simple and effective in maintaining a reductive chemical environment

is only able to sustain pH regulation for less than 5 h. Conversely

the constant-rate ammonia injection strategy enables sustained pH control but results in excessive dissolved hydrogen concentrations

necessitating an appropriate hydrogen removal scheme. The hydrogen removal-optimized constant-rate ammonia injection strategy is capable of simultaneously regulating pH and maintaining dissolved hydrogen concentrations. The ammonia injection rate is 1.64 g·s⁻

and the hydrogen removal system is initiated 1 200 s after the start of ammonia injection

with a controlled removal rate of 0.014 g·s⁻

. When the system is stable

the coolant pH

stabilizes at 6.9

with dissolved hydrogen concentrations ranging from 30 mL·kg⁻

to 35 mL·kg⁻

(Standard Temperature and Pressure，STP).

Conclusions

This study is anticipated to provide valuable insights for the development of new reactor types and the optimization of water chemistry control strategies.

关键词

Keywords

references

Hussein E M A . Emerging small modular nuclear power reactors: a critical review [J ] . Physics Open , 2020 , 5 : 100038 . DOI: 10.1016/j.physo.2020.100038 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physo.2020.100038 .

吕欣 , 李澍 , 尹俊连 , 等 . 氮气-水体系多组分辐解平衡计算模型 [J ] . 原子能科学技术 , 2024 , 58 ( 11 ): 2310 – 2317 . DOI: 10.7538/yzk.2023.youxian.0862 http://dx.doi.org/10.7538/yzk.2023.youxian.0862 .

LYU Xin , LI Shu , YIN Junlian , et al . Multi-component radiolysis equilibrium calculation model in nitrogen-water system [J ] . Atomic Energy Science and Technology , 2024 , 58 ( 11 ): 2310 – 2317 . DOI: 10.7538/yzk.2023.youxian.0862 http://dx.doi.org/10.7538/yzk.2023.youxian.0862 .

张扬 , 郭子方 , 刘春雨 , 等 . 压水堆一回路含氨冷却剂辐射分解过程模拟 [J ] . 哈尔滨工程大学学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 12 ): 2377 – 2383 . DOI: 10.11990/jheu.202307039 http://dx.doi.org/10.11990/jheu.202307039 .

ZHANG Yang , GUO Zifang , LIU Chunyu , et al . Radiolysis process simulation of coolant containing ammonia forpressurized water reactor's primary circuit [J ] . Journal of Harbin Engineering University , 2024 , 45 ( 12 ): 2377 – 2383 . DOI: 10.11990/jheu.202307039 http://dx.doi.org/10.11990/jheu.202307039 .

郭子方 , 张扬 , 李一帆 , 等 . N 2 气氛下氨水溶液γ辐射分解行为 [J ] . 辐射研究与辐射工艺学报 , 2024 , 42 ( 1 ): 010204 . DOI: 10.11889/j.1000-3436.2023-0088 http://dx.doi.org/10.11889/j.1000-3436.2023-0088 .

GUO Zifang , ZHANG Yang , LI Yifan , et al . γ-radiolysis of the aqueous ammonia solution saturated by N 2 [J ] . Journal of Radiation Research and Radiation Processing , 2024 , 42 ( 1 ): 010204 . DOI: 10.11889/j.1000-3436.2023-0088 http://dx.doi.org/10.11889/j.1000-3436.2023-0088 .

曹骐 , 杜香怡 , 郭子方 , 等 . γ辐照条件下硼-锂-氨型冷却剂的辐射分解行为 [J ] . 辐射研究与辐射工艺学报 , 2023 , 41 ( 3 ): 030201 . DOI: 10.11889/j.1000-3436.2023-0020 http://dx.doi.org/10.11889/j.1000-3436.2023-0020 .

CAO Qi , DU Xiangyi , GUO Zifang , et al . γ-radiolysis of boric acid-lithium hydroxide-ammonia coolant [J ] . Journal of Radiation Research and Radiation Processing , 2023 , 41 ( 3 ): 030201 . DOI: 10.11889/j.1000-3436.2023-0020 http://dx.doi.org/10.11889/j.1000-3436.2023-0020 .

吴世发 , 解景尧 , 万甲双 , 等 . 铅铋快堆一回路冷却剂温度稳态运行方案控制特性研究 [J ] . 核技术 , 2025 , 48 ( 10 ): 100603 . DOI: 10.3724/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.240386. CSTR: 32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2025.48.240386 http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.240386.CSTR:32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2025.48.240386 .

WU Shifa , XIE Jingyao , WAN Jiashuang , et al . Control characteristics of the steady-state operation scheme for coolant temperature in the primary loop of the Lead-Bismuth cooled fast reactor [J ] . Nuclear Techniques , 2025 , 48 ( 10 ): 100603 . DOI: 10.3724/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.240386. CSTR: 32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2025.48.240386 http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.240386.CSTR:32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2025.48.240386 .

张伟豪 , 刘茂龙 , 曾陈等 . 熔盐堆冷却剂凝固行为的实验及数值模拟研究 [J ] . 核技术 , 2025 , 48 ( 4 ): 040603 . DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.230405. CSTR: 32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2025.48.230405 http://dx.doi.org/10.11889/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.230405.CSTR:32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2025.48.230405 .

ZHANG Weihao , LIU Maolong , ZENG Chen , et al . Experimental and numerical simulation study on the solidification behavior of molten salt reactor coolants [J ] . Nuclear Techniques , 2025 , 48 ( 4 ): 040603 . DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.230405. CSTR: 32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2025.48.230405 http://dx.doi.org/10.11889/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.230405.CSTR:32193.14.hjs.CN31-1342/TL.2025.48.230405 .

罗慧 . 先进非能动核电机组一回路冷却剂流量系统化测量方法 [J ] . 核技术 , 2023 , 46 ( 10 ): 100602 . DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2023.hjs.46.100602 http://dx.doi.org/10.11889/j.0253-3219.2023.hjs.46.100602 .

LUO Hui . Systematic measurement method for primary coolant flow rate in advanced passive nuclear power units [J ] . Nuclear Techniques , 2023 , 46 ( 10 ): 100602 . DOI: 10.11889/j.0253-3219.2023.hjs.46.100602 http://dx.doi.org/10.11889/j.0253-3219.2023.hjs.46.100602 .

Scott P . A review of irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking [J ] . Journal of Nuclear Materials , 1994 , 211 ( 2 ): 101 – 122 . DOI: 10.1016/0022-3115(94)90360-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(94)90360-3 .

Draganić I G . Radiolysis of water: a look at its origin and occurrence in the nature [J ] . Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 2005 , 72 ( 2–3 ): 181 – 186 . DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.09.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.09.012 .

Uchida S , Katsumura Y . Water chemistry technology–one of the key technologies for safe and reliable nuclear power plant operation [J ] . Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology , 2013 , 50 ( 4 ): 346 – 362 . DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2013.773171 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2013.773171 .

Boyd A W , Carver M B , Dixon R S . Computed and experimental product concentrations in the radiolysis of water [J ] . Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 1980 , 15 ( 2–3 ): 177 – 185 . DOI: 10.1016/0146-5724(80)90129-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-5724(80)90129-6 .

Bérerd D N , Moncoffre D N , Martinet D P , et al . Influence of water radiolysis on the passive properties of 316L-stainless steel [J ] . ChemPhysChem , 2024 , 25 ( 18 ): e202300785 . DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300785 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202300785 .

Sultana A , Meesungnoen J , Jay-Gerin J P . Effect of very high dose rates on the radiolysis of supercritical water at 400 ℃ and 25 MPa [J ] . Canadian Journal of Chemistry , 2023 , 101 ( 5 ): 284 – 296 . DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2022-0210 http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2022-0210 .

Ershov B G , Gordeev A V . A model for radiolysis of water and aqueous solutions of H 2 , H 2 O 2 and O 2 [J ] . Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 2008 , 77 ( 8 ): 928 – 935 . DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.12.005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.12.005 .

Joseph J M , Choi B S , Yakabuskie P , et al . A combined experimental and model analysis on the effect of pH and O 2 (aq) on γ-radiolytically produced H 2 and H 2 O 2 [J ] . Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 2008 , 77 ( 9 ): 1009 – 1020 . DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.06.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.06.001 .

Elliot A J , Bartels D M . The reaction set, rate constants and g-values for the simulation of the radiolysis of light water over the range 20 ℃ to 350 ℃ based on information available in 2008 [R ] . Atomic Energy of Canada Limited , 2009 . No.AECL--153-127160-450-001.

Yakabuskie P A , Joseph J M , Clara Wren J . The effect of interfacial mass transfer on steady-state water radiolysis [J ] . Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 2010 , 79 ( 7 ): 777 – 785 . DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.02.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.02.001 .

Pálfi T , Wojnárovits L , Takács E . Calculated and measured transient product yields in pulse radiolysis of aqueous solutions: Concentration dependence [J ] . Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 2010 , 79 ( 11 ): 1154 – 1158 . DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.06.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.06.004 .

Karditsas P J . Water radiolysis in fusion neutron environments [J ] . Fusion Engineering and Design , 2011 , 86 ( 9–11 ): 2701 – 2704 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010. 12.040 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.12.040 .

Yousefi N . Gamma-radiolysis kinetics of liquid, vapour and supercritical water [M ] . The University of Western Ontario (Canada) , 2014 .

Roth O , LaVerne J A . Effect of pH on H 2 O 2 production in the radiolysis of water [J ] . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , 2011 , 115 ( 5 ): 700 – 708 . DOI: 10.1021/jp1099927 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp1099927 .

Daub K , Zhang X , Noël J J , et al . Gamma-radiation-induced corrosion of carbon steel in neutral and mildly basic water at 150 ℃ [J ] . Corrosion Science , 2011 , 53 ( 1 ): 11 – 16 . DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.09.048 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.09.048 .

Dey G R . Nitrogen compounds' formation in aqueous solutions under high ionizing radiation: an overview [J ] . Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 2011 , 80 ( 3 ): 394 – 402 . DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.10.010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.10.010 .

Yakabuskie P A , Joseph J M , Stuart C R , et al . Long-term γ-radiolysis kinetics of NO 3 - and NO 2 - solutions [J ] . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , 2011 , 115 ( 17 ): 4270 – 4278 . DOI: 10.1021/jp200262c http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp200262c .

Guo Z F , Zhang Y , Jiao L M , et al . Radiolysis of aerated aqueous ammonia solutions [J ] . Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , 2023 , 332 ( 12 ): 5059 – 5070 . DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-09239-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-023-09239-y .

Kumar P S , Mohan D , Chandran S , et al . Evaluation of nitrogen containing reducing agents for the corrosion control of materials relevant to nuclear reactors [J ] . Materials Chemistry and Physics , 2017 , 187 : 18 – 27 . DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.11.031 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.11.031 .

Iwamatsu K , Sundin S , LaVerne J A . Hydrogen peroxide kinetics in water radiolysis [J ] . Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 2018 , 145 : 207 – 212 . DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.11.002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.11.002 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Prediction model of fouling radioactive distribution in primary loop of pressurized water reactor

Gamma radiation decomposition and the extraction performance of TODGA in kerosene medium

Model analysis of the influence of coolant impurity on the properties of high temperature alloys of HTGR

Experimental research on the formation and controlling of molten salt frozen-wall

Numerical simulation of the ablation process of the nuclear pressure vessel heated by core melt

Related Author

HE Hui

ZHANG Tengfei

LIU Xiaojing

WANG Shiwei

WU Yan

YANG Anbo

YANG Shuyi

ZHENG Jiawei

Related Institution

Shanghai Digital Nuclear Reactor Technology Intergration Innovation Center

School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

The Company Limited, China National Nuclear Corporation

先进反应堆工程与安全教育部重点实验室

AI脑图

AI问答

Address：2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading, Shanghai, China Postal code：201800
Tel：021-39194977 Email：LHB@sinap.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 沪ICP备05005479号-1 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.
Total Visits：1033165 Visits Today：50

⁰