Several frontier fields in environmental sciences at the 21st century were successively outlined

including: (1) economic analysis and risk assessment; (2) environmental monitoring and ecology; (3) chemicals and environment; (4) energy system and environment; (5) industrial ecology; and (6) population and health. Afterwards

opportunity and challenge of nuclear analytical techniques in the mentioned-above environmental fields were explored. It was stated that (1) the inherent features of nuclear analytical techniques should be fully used and exploited; (2) the role of nuclear analytical techniques in quantitative and scientific risk assessment of environmental pollutants should be strengthened; (3) the position of nuclear analytical techniques in quality assurance system of environmental monitoring should be clearly recognized; (4) the ability of nuclear analytical techniques in study of chemical speciation and its effects of pollutant should be made of use; (5) the nuclear analytical techniques for study of new molecular biomarker and environmental toxicology should be established; and (6) the application of nuclear analytical techniques in identification of new pollutants and their sources should be emphasized.